Flood Plains

Delta Formation:
Delta are found at the mouth of the river, where the river meets the sea. at this point the river is carrying too much load for its velocity and so deposition occurs. The top of the delta is a fairly flat surface. This is where the coarsest river load is dropped. The silt is dropped to form a steep slope on the edge of the delta hile the clay stays in suspension until it reaches the deeper water.

Different Delta's:

Accurate Delta:
- triangular/fan shaped
- water enters the sea through many distributaries
- formed when alluvial (rich soil) deposits are even spread out
- long shore currents help to form spits and lagoos at the mouths of the distributaries
- e.g.: nile delta

Bird's Foot Delta:
- has distributaries that extend far into the water
- formed when river discharge is high and load is enormous
- sediments deposited far exceeds those removed by tides and currents
- e.g.: mississippi delta

Estuarine Delta:
- sediments are deposited in a long narrow submerged estuary
- delta does not usually grow beyond the general coastline because sediments deposited outisde the estuary would be washed away by waves and currents
- e.g.: seine delta

Cuspate Delta:
- tooth shaped or pointed delta formed by one dominant channel carrying most of the sediments out to sea
- e.g.: ebro delta

Formation process of Deltas:

- when a river enters the sea, it mixes with the surrounding water and its speed is reduced.
- the salty seawater causes the silty particles to aggregate/accumulate into larger particles (flocculation).
- as these deposits are heavier, they are deposited first at the river's mouth.
- the main river channel will be silted and blocked up.
- river overflows and splits into many small channels called distributaries.
- as layers upon layers of alluvial materials are deposited, a platform of alluvium is built up and rises above the water.
- this flat alluvium is called a delta.

Meanders

Centrifugal force pushes water to outside of the bend.
Low energy in the river.
Undercutting followed by bank collapse. - lateral erosion and bank movement.
River cliff steep sided.
Erosion = abrasion: like sand paper against side of a bank.

Waterfalls

Class notes

Waterfall info:

how rapids are formed in the upper course

As the river moves through the upper course it cuts downwards. The gradient here is steep and the river channel is narrow. Vertical erosion in this highland part of the river helps to create steep-sided V-shaped valleys, interlocking spurs, rapids, waterfalls and gorges.

Interlocking spurs on a tributary of the Yangtse
As the river erodes the landscape in the upper course, it winds and bends to avoid areas of hard rock. This creates interlocking spurs, which look a bit like the interlocking parts of a zip.
When a river runs over alternating layers of hard and soft rock, rapids and waterfalls may form.

Class notes

Deposition:
Is the laying down of material carried by the river. This occurs when there is a decrease in the energy of the river, as a result of decreased velocity and/or volume. Situations where deposition is likely as a result of decreased velocity and/or volume.

Upper:
Source: can be anything: lake, bog, melting snow etc.
Stream running through to create the v shape mountain by using vertical erosion, it’s a narrow channel – wearing a groove into the ground

Different Water transporting