Traffic congestion and parking difficulties. Congestion is one of the most prevalent transport problems in large urban agglomerations.
Public transport inadequacy. Many public transit systems, or parts of them, are either over or under used. During peak hours, crowdedness creates discomfort for users as the system copes with a temporary surge in demand.
Difficulties for pedestrians. These difficulties are either the outcome of intense traffic, where the mobility of pedestrians and vehicles is impaired, but also because of a blatant lack of consideration for pedestrians in the physical design of facilities.
Loss of public space. The majority of roads are publicly owned and free of access.
Environmental impacts and energy consumption. Pollution, including noise, generated by circulation has become a serious impediment to the quality of life and even the health of urban populations.
Accidents and safety. Growing traffic in urban areas is linked with a growing number of accidents and fatalities, especially in developing countries.
Sunday 22 May 2011
Wednesday 18 May 2011
Monday 16 May 2011
Stages of urban development in an LEDC
Stage 1: Invasion
Timescale: first year
New arrivals to the city have to make do with waste material (corrugated iron, cardboard etc.) to build simple shelters. Residents have ‘informal jobs’ – selling matches, collecting garbage etc. They have to buy water.
Stage 2: Consolidation
Timescale: 1-10 years
More migrants arrive from rural areas. Locals are beginning to improve the area through self-help. People here want life to be better. Their incomes are still low and many jobs are informal such as street vending. Sanitation is still a big problem but people do help their neighbors when building improvements are made. These are plans to build a simple school.
Stage 3: Upgrading
Timescale: 10-20 years
The area is being improved/upgraded using funds or loans from the city council or from NGOs (Non Governmental Organisations) such as OXFAM. Water is being piped in the area, disease is being reduced, roads are paved with gravel and there is a simple sewage system, simple gardens (to grow vegetables) and TVs are more common, some with satellite dishes.
Stage 4: Assimilation
Timescale: 20+ years
People have been living here for over 20 years. It is now a stable community. Inhabitants have now been given ownership rights and taxes are collected. All children receive schooling. Some families can now afford cars. This area of city does not fit in the typical description of a shanty town.
Timescale: first year
New arrivals to the city have to make do with waste material (corrugated iron, cardboard etc.) to build simple shelters. Residents have ‘informal jobs’ – selling matches, collecting garbage etc. They have to buy water.
Stage 2: Consolidation
Timescale: 1-10 years
More migrants arrive from rural areas. Locals are beginning to improve the area through self-help. People here want life to be better. Their incomes are still low and many jobs are informal such as street vending. Sanitation is still a big problem but people do help their neighbors when building improvements are made. These are plans to build a simple school.
Stage 3: Upgrading
Timescale: 10-20 years
The area is being improved/upgraded using funds or loans from the city council or from NGOs (Non Governmental Organisations) such as OXFAM. Water is being piped in the area, disease is being reduced, roads are paved with gravel and there is a simple sewage system, simple gardens (to grow vegetables) and TVs are more common, some with satellite dishes.
Stage 4: Assimilation
Timescale: 20+ years
People have been living here for over 20 years. It is now a stable community. Inhabitants have now been given ownership rights and taxes are collected. All children receive schooling. Some families can now afford cars. This area of city does not fit in the typical description of a shanty town.
Wednesday 11 May 2011
Problems with shanty towns, favela, slum, bustee
The favelas are units of irregular self-constructed housing that are occupied illegally. They are usually on lands belonging to third parties, and most often located around the edge of the cities, often crowded onto hillsides. Residences are built without permission or a license and are often disorganised, without numbered streets, sanitation networks, electricity, a telephone service or plumbing. In recent years favelas have been troubled by drug-related crime and gang warfare.
Urban Problems in LEDCs
Rapid urbanisation in Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs) is causing many problems. Many new migrants to cities in LEDCs cannot afford housing. They are forced to build temporary accommodation in spontaneous settlements. These settlements are commonly known as 'shanty towns'. They are also called favelas (Brazil) or bustees (India). Three main features of a shanty town are:
Houses are made from scrap materials such as wood and metal sheeting
Often housing is do not have services such as sanitation, water or electricity.
The settlements are usually very overcrowded.
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil is an example of a city with a large area of shanty settlements or favelas.
Case Study - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Rio de Janeiro is a city located on Brazil's south-east coast. It is one of Brazil's largest settlements with a population of approximately 11.7 million people. The population of Rio de Janeiro has grown for a number of reasons. Natural Increase is one reason for its growth (this is when the birth rate is higher than the death rate). The population has also grown as the result of urbanisation. The has been caused by rural to urban migration. Millions of people have migrated from Brazil's rural areas to Rio de Janeiro. 65% of urban growth is a result of migration. This is caused by a variety of push and pull factors.
The rapid growth of Rio de Janeiro's population has led to a severe shortage of housing. Millions of people have been forced to construct their own homes from scrap materials such as wood, corrugated iron and metals. These areas of temporary accommodation are known as favelas in Brazil. The conditions associated with favelas are very poor. Often families have to share one tap, there is no sewerage provision, disease is common and many people are unemployed.
Favelas are located on the edge of most major Brazilian cities. They are located here for a number of reasons. Firstly, this is the only available land to build on within the city limits. Secondly, industry is located on the edge of the cities. Many people need jobs therefore they locate close to factories. Some of these settlements may be 40 or 50 km from the city centre (on the edge of the city), along main roads and up very steep hillsides.
Houses are made from scrap materials such as wood and metal sheeting
Often housing is do not have services such as sanitation, water or electricity.
The settlements are usually very overcrowded.
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil is an example of a city with a large area of shanty settlements or favelas.
Case Study - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Rio de Janeiro is a city located on Brazil's south-east coast. It is one of Brazil's largest settlements with a population of approximately 11.7 million people. The population of Rio de Janeiro has grown for a number of reasons. Natural Increase is one reason for its growth (this is when the birth rate is higher than the death rate). The population has also grown as the result of urbanisation. The has been caused by rural to urban migration. Millions of people have migrated from Brazil's rural areas to Rio de Janeiro. 65% of urban growth is a result of migration. This is caused by a variety of push and pull factors.
The rapid growth of Rio de Janeiro's population has led to a severe shortage of housing. Millions of people have been forced to construct their own homes from scrap materials such as wood, corrugated iron and metals. These areas of temporary accommodation are known as favelas in Brazil. The conditions associated with favelas are very poor. Often families have to share one tap, there is no sewerage provision, disease is common and many people are unemployed.
Favelas are located on the edge of most major Brazilian cities. They are located here for a number of reasons. Firstly, this is the only available land to build on within the city limits. Secondly, industry is located on the edge of the cities. Many people need jobs therefore they locate close to factories. Some of these settlements may be 40 or 50 km from the city centre (on the edge of the city), along main roads and up very steep hillsides.
Urbanisation changing so Rapidly
Global Urban Population in Developed and Developing Countries
The human population has lived a rural lifestyle through most of history. The world’s population, however, is quickly becoming urbanized as people migrate to the cities. Figure 1 shows the urban population growth between 1950 and the year 2000. In 1950, less than 30% of the world’s population lived in cities. This number grew to 47% in the year 2000 (2.8 billion people), and it is expected to grow to 60% by the year 2025.
Developed nations have a higher percentage of urban residents than less developed countries. However, urbanization is occurring rapidly in many less developed countries, and it is expected that most urban growth will occur in less developed countries during the next decades.
The definition of an urban area changes from country to country. In general, there are no standards, and each country develops its own set of criteria for distinguishing cities or urban areas. A city is generally defined as a political unit, i.e., a place organized and governed by an administrative body. A way of defining a city or an urban area is by the number of residents. The United Nations defines settlements of over 20,000 as urban, and those with more than 100,000 as cities. The United States defines an urbanized area as a city and surrounding area, with a minimum population of 50,000. A metropolitan area includes both urban areas and rural areas that are socially and economically integrated with a particular city.
Why is the urban population increasing so fast?
The rapid growth of urban areas is the result of two factors: natural increase in population (excess of births over deaths), and migration to urban areas. Natural population growth has been covered in other units, and consequently, here we will concentrate on migration.
Migration is defined as the long-term relocation of an individual, household or group to a new location outside the community of origin. Today the movement of people from rural to urban areas (internal migration) is most significant. Although smaller than the movement of people within borders, international migration is also increasing. Figure 3 shows the annual net international migration totals and migration rates in the world’s major areas between 1990 and 1995. Both internal and international migration contribute to urbanization.
Push and pull definition:
Migration is often explained in terms of either “push factors” – conditions in the place of origin which are perceived by migrants as detrimental to their well-being or economic security, and “pull factors” – the circumstances in new places that attract individuals to move there. Examples of push factors include high unemployment and political persecution; examples of pull factors include job opportunities or moving to a better climate.
Typically, a pull factor initiates migration that can be sustained by push and other factors that facilitate or make possible the change. For example, a farmer in rural Mexico whose land has become unproductive because of drought (push factor) may decide to move to Mexico City where he perceives more job opportunities and possibilities for a better lifestyle (pull factor). In general, cities are perceived as places where one could have a better life, because of better opportunities, higher salaries, better services, and better lifestyles. The perceived better conditions attract poor people from rural areas.
The human population has lived a rural lifestyle through most of history. The world’s population, however, is quickly becoming urbanized as people migrate to the cities. Figure 1 shows the urban population growth between 1950 and the year 2000. In 1950, less than 30% of the world’s population lived in cities. This number grew to 47% in the year 2000 (2.8 billion people), and it is expected to grow to 60% by the year 2025.
Developed nations have a higher percentage of urban residents than less developed countries. However, urbanization is occurring rapidly in many less developed countries, and it is expected that most urban growth will occur in less developed countries during the next decades.
The definition of an urban area changes from country to country. In general, there are no standards, and each country develops its own set of criteria for distinguishing cities or urban areas. A city is generally defined as a political unit, i.e., a place organized and governed by an administrative body. A way of defining a city or an urban area is by the number of residents. The United Nations defines settlements of over 20,000 as urban, and those with more than 100,000 as cities. The United States defines an urbanized area as a city and surrounding area, with a minimum population of 50,000. A metropolitan area includes both urban areas and rural areas that are socially and economically integrated with a particular city.
Why is the urban population increasing so fast?
The rapid growth of urban areas is the result of two factors: natural increase in population (excess of births over deaths), and migration to urban areas. Natural population growth has been covered in other units, and consequently, here we will concentrate on migration.
Migration is defined as the long-term relocation of an individual, household or group to a new location outside the community of origin. Today the movement of people from rural to urban areas (internal migration) is most significant. Although smaller than the movement of people within borders, international migration is also increasing. Figure 3 shows the annual net international migration totals and migration rates in the world’s major areas between 1990 and 1995. Both internal and international migration contribute to urbanization.
Push and pull definition:
Migration is often explained in terms of either “push factors” – conditions in the place of origin which are perceived by migrants as detrimental to their well-being or economic security, and “pull factors” – the circumstances in new places that attract individuals to move there. Examples of push factors include high unemployment and political persecution; examples of pull factors include job opportunities or moving to a better climate.
Typically, a pull factor initiates migration that can be sustained by push and other factors that facilitate or make possible the change. For example, a farmer in rural Mexico whose land has become unproductive because of drought (push factor) may decide to move to Mexico City where he perceives more job opportunities and possibilities for a better lifestyle (pull factor). In general, cities are perceived as places where one could have a better life, because of better opportunities, higher salaries, better services, and better lifestyles. The perceived better conditions attract poor people from rural areas.
Urbanisation
Urbanisation first occurred in MEDCs during the industrial revolution. People were attracted to urban areas (pulled) from rural areas to work in factories. They were also pushed as developments in technology led to mechanisation on farms.
Nowadays, the rate of urbanisation in LEDCs is greater than in MEDCs. As LEDCs are developing more people are migrating to urban areas.
Cities are growing at a rapid rate, as is population in many LEDCs. If you are carrying out research on the topic or pursuing a related subject for university or online degrees, you may find urban areas around the globe are expanding at amazing speed. This is an interesting issue to study because it is a situation in constant evolution, influenced by numerous factors like globalization.
Nowadays, the rate of urbanisation in LEDCs is greater than in MEDCs. As LEDCs are developing more people are migrating to urban areas.
Cities are growing at a rapid rate, as is population in many LEDCs. If you are carrying out research on the topic or pursuing a related subject for university or online degrees, you may find urban areas around the globe are expanding at amazing speed. This is an interesting issue to study because it is a situation in constant evolution, influenced by numerous factors like globalization.
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Population
Migration
Oceans
Settlement
Urbanisation
Paper 1 - 105m
3Q's @ 35 mins each
each Q = 25 marks
Paper 2 - 90min
skills (graphs, charts, tables, pictures)
Q1 - MAP
In class Paper 4 - 1Q
45 mins
Migration
Oceans
Settlement
Urbanisation
Paper 1 - 105m
3Q's @ 35 mins each
each Q = 25 marks
Paper 2 - 90min
skills (graphs, charts, tables, pictures)
Q1 - MAP
In class Paper 4 - 1Q
45 mins
Sunday 8 May 2011
Geo revision over long weekend - booklet
Rural Urban Fringe:
1.
a) Greenfield site is an area in the rural urban fringe which has not being built on yet.
b) The main attraction is that the land is cheaper, less traffic, the roads are better and the land is greener.
c) Six: housing developments, high tech firms, hyper markets, office developments, hotels and conferences and conference centers.
2.
a) J: a lot of locals from the small village and other people near by the nationl park will be attracted. Outside city there are so many people living in rural areas will also come on a main road.
K: closer to CBD but will attract people from rural areas.
N: attracts many travelling on the motor way.
M: at a busy area so many customers but more competition with a large city
L: Although built on main road, too close to CBD and other shops and too built up for a lot of parking space
b)i) I think M, because it will draw people from the small town and into the large city
ii) N, because other than good roads there’s nothing to attract people.
c) I think 1, because there’s a small town nearby attracting locals, it’s in a rural area so there’s plenty of space, near a main road so easy access, small village will supply workers, lots of land for parking
3 a) theres a nearby main road so easy for deliveries and good acces nearby town, Rotherham, will supply local workers,outside the city area so land and rents cheaper, nearby towns for local customers, out of the city area also decreases competition
b) theres large space for car parking , no need to drive relativity far, can buy in bulk so no need to come every day, large variety of stock and also provide play areas, cinemas, restaurants etc.
Activity 2
1.
2. the causes of environmental problems include traffic pollution, air pollution, inadequate waste management, raising temperatures, no green areas due to high story buildings
3 they’re increasing due to the amount of people who own a car, the more fossil fuels we’re using the increasing competition for land to build on
4. trying to limit people to one care per family may not work due to the fact that everyone needs to drive to work
Activity 3
a) Plenty of nearby free parking, lots of space so lots of stock and people can buy in bulk, easily accessible if you own a car, prices can be slighty lower, cheaper land price, developments out of town reduce environmental pressure in town and creates new jobs
b) Mostly middle age families will benefit from this development as they can easily drive, bring children and maybe even get a job
Activity 4
a) Influxes of rich and retired: the contrasting numbers of the rich people and the retired people
b) In search of pastoral dream: in search of an idealized version of country life
c) The indigenous rural population: the native/natural rural population
d) Gentrified villages: renovated/improved villages
2. a) counterurbanization is the moment of people from urban ares to rural
B) due to the ‘better qualify of life’ and cheaper land
c) generally wealthy workers and elderly
3 a) the newcomers may not respect the country living farms, housing prices may increase and the decline in public transport may occur if everyone moves to the rural areas and own cares
B) the newcomers may bring new ideas for activities, building may be restored and local labour may be employed
4.
Activity 5
1
a) A suburbanized village is a village which is becoming increasingly attached and similar to the suburbs
b) Village before suburbanization:
Quiet environment
Self contained, locals found jobs in nearby towns
After:
Large and expensive housing, large and modern, change of rural appearance
2
a) A greenfield site is an area in the rural urban fringe which has not being built on, Brownfield sites are abandoned or unused industrial sites
b) Nearest town: they can easily travel to work or to school, their surroundings wont change much
Smal nearby village: they can have a better quality life, get a job easy to access, to traffic
Activity 6
1. Advantages: it will be quiet, no traffic, nearby railway route,
Disadvantages: wild animals around, small environment, no local shops
1.
a) Greenfield site is an area in the rural urban fringe which has not being built on yet.
b) The main attraction is that the land is cheaper, less traffic, the roads are better and the land is greener.
c) Six: housing developments, high tech firms, hyper markets, office developments, hotels and conferences and conference centers.
2.
a) J: a lot of locals from the small village and other people near by the nationl park will be attracted. Outside city there are so many people living in rural areas will also come on a main road.
K: closer to CBD but will attract people from rural areas.
N: attracts many travelling on the motor way.
M: at a busy area so many customers but more competition with a large city
L: Although built on main road, too close to CBD and other shops and too built up for a lot of parking space
b)i) I think M, because it will draw people from the small town and into the large city
ii) N, because other than good roads there’s nothing to attract people.
c) I think 1, because there’s a small town nearby attracting locals, it’s in a rural area so there’s plenty of space, near a main road so easy access, small village will supply workers, lots of land for parking
3 a) theres a nearby main road so easy for deliveries and good acces nearby town, Rotherham, will supply local workers,outside the city area so land and rents cheaper, nearby towns for local customers, out of the city area also decreases competition
b) theres large space for car parking , no need to drive relativity far, can buy in bulk so no need to come every day, large variety of stock and also provide play areas, cinemas, restaurants etc.
Activity 2
1.
2. the causes of environmental problems include traffic pollution, air pollution, inadequate waste management, raising temperatures, no green areas due to high story buildings
3 they’re increasing due to the amount of people who own a car, the more fossil fuels we’re using the increasing competition for land to build on
4. trying to limit people to one care per family may not work due to the fact that everyone needs to drive to work
Activity 3
a) Plenty of nearby free parking, lots of space so lots of stock and people can buy in bulk, easily accessible if you own a car, prices can be slighty lower, cheaper land price, developments out of town reduce environmental pressure in town and creates new jobs
b) Mostly middle age families will benefit from this development as they can easily drive, bring children and maybe even get a job
Activity 4
a) Influxes of rich and retired: the contrasting numbers of the rich people and the retired people
b) In search of pastoral dream: in search of an idealized version of country life
c) The indigenous rural population: the native/natural rural population
d) Gentrified villages: renovated/improved villages
2. a) counterurbanization is the moment of people from urban ares to rural
B) due to the ‘better qualify of life’ and cheaper land
c) generally wealthy workers and elderly
3 a) the newcomers may not respect the country living farms, housing prices may increase and the decline in public transport may occur if everyone moves to the rural areas and own cares
B) the newcomers may bring new ideas for activities, building may be restored and local labour may be employed
4.
Activity 5
1
a) A suburbanized village is a village which is becoming increasingly attached and similar to the suburbs
b) Village before suburbanization:
Quiet environment
Self contained, locals found jobs in nearby towns
After:
Large and expensive housing, large and modern, change of rural appearance
2
a) A greenfield site is an area in the rural urban fringe which has not being built on, Brownfield sites are abandoned or unused industrial sites
b) Nearest town: they can easily travel to work or to school, their surroundings wont change much
Smal nearby village: they can have a better quality life, get a job easy to access, to traffic
Activity 6
1. Advantages: it will be quiet, no traffic, nearby railway route,
Disadvantages: wild animals around, small environment, no local shops
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